Why Today's Smartphone Have Multiple Cameras?
 If you go back in time, there was only a single rear camera on a smartphone. But now, you will get dual, triple, quad, and so on rear cameras on a smartphone.
Why There Are Multiple Rear Cameras On A Smartphone?
As you know, many people take pictures with their smartphones. Because of that, Smartphone Brands keep improving their phone camera performance. 
They use multiple cameras sensor to add features like Wide-Angle Images, Portrait Images, Optical Zoom, Optical Image Stabilization/Electronic Image Stabilization, AR, Macro images, etc.
In a DSLR, you can change and use different lenses for different things like taking Wide-Angle Images, Portrait, Zoom, etc images. 
But, In a smartphone, you cannot change the camera lens. That's why different camera lenses are used on the smartphone to take wide-angle, portrait, zoom, etc images.
(Click Here To Know More About, Different Types of Smartphone Camera Lens)
 
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